Over time, spina bifida is at risk of which two outcomes?

• A. Progression and loss of function
• B. Regression and improvement
• C. Inflammation and infection
• D. Growth and stabilization

Answer: (A)

Spina bifida can have a progressive course, with new or worsening neurological deficits developing over time. This happens because the spinal cord and nerves can be affected by tethered cord from scar tissue, syringomyelia forming a syrinx, Chiari II malformation affecting brainstem and spinal pathways, or hydrocephalus and shunt-related brain changes. As these processes evolve, function can decline, leading to loss of previously present motor or sensory abilities. Other patterns like improvement or stable function are not the typical long‑term expectation, though they can occur in isolated cases depending on specific complications and management.