Which aspects are affected by common joint contractures in spina bifida?

• A. Positioning, weight bearing, activities of daily living, energy expenditure, and mobility
• B. Hearing and vision
• C. Appetite and digestion
• D. Respiratory capacity only

Answer: (A)

Joint contractures in spina bifida limit the range of motion in the hips, knees, and ankles, fixing the limbs in abnormal positions. This changes body alignment for standing and walking, making weight bearing less stable and altering pressure distribution. As a result, activities of daily living that require reaching, bending, and transferring become harder. The restricted joints force compensatory movements, which increases the energy cost of movement and leads to faster fatigue. Because mobility and posture rely on flexible joints, gait and transfers become more difficult and often require assistive devices. Hearing, vision, appetite and digestion, and respiratory capacity involve other systems and are not directly governed by these joint restrictions.