Which conditions are closely associated with spina bifida?

• A. Chiari II malformation
• B. Hydrocephalus
• C. Both Chiari II malformation and hydrocephalus
• D. Ductus arteriosus

Answer: (C)

Spina bifida, especially the myelomeningocele form, often involves the hindbrain and CSF pathways. The most characteristic associations are Chiari II malformation and hydrocephalus. Chiari II is a downward displacement of the hindbrain through the foramen magnum, which commonly accompanies spinal defects and can disrupt normal CSF flow. This disruption contributes to hydrocephalus, a buildup of CSF that frequently occurs in these patients and often requires shunt treatment. In contrast, ductus arteriosus (a heart-related issue seen in newborns, especially premature infants) is not a typical or defining association of spina bifida. Because Chiari II and hydrocephalus commonly occur together with spina bifida, the best answer is that both are closely associated.